Mirror of Justice

A blog dedicated to the development of Catholic legal theory.
Affiliated with the Program on Church, State & Society at Notre Dame Law School.

Thursday, July 24, 2008

Discussion about religiously affiliated law schools

Over at Prawfsblawg, there have been a number of interesting posts -- by Paul Horwitz, Jason Solomon, Gordon Smith, etc. -- about religiously affiliated law schools.  MOJ-ers might want to weigh in, here or there.  For my own part, I wrote:

this might not be the forum for thinking-out-loud about what a “Catholic law school” should be, what precisely should be its distinguishing features, etc.  In my view, the project of building such a law school — an engaged, open, critical, and distinctively Catholic law school — is not an exercise in nostalgia, reaction, or retrieval.  The project is, in my view, a new one.

It’s also, I think, an exciting and worthy one, and I’m inclined to think that it should be regarded as such by the legal academy generally, not just by co-religionists and the like.   It is not just “not a bad thing”, it is a good thing, that there be distinctive law schools.  Our commitments to diversity need not, and should not, lead us to insist on homogenization at the level of institutions.  Quite the contrary — the same commitments that push us to respect and learn from diversity in many academic settings might also push us — and the AALS, and the ABA — to stay our hand from requiring that each institution look and act in precisely the same way.

Garvey fleshes out a number of reasons — reasons that I find persuasive — why we might think that institutional pluralism in the academy is a good thing.   It seems to me that we ought not to resist, but instead should welcome, not only law schools that have focused on serving underserved populations, or law schools with a particular strength in a specific subject-matter area (for example, Lewis & Clark in environmental law), or even law schools with a particular animating point-of-view (Law & Economics at George Mason?), but also law schools that are distinctive in being meaningfully animated by a shared — even if contested — religious tradition.

Paul Horwitz's post, I think, is particularly thought-provoking. (Paul visited at Notre Dame law year.)  He writes:

. . . I do mean to suggest that one of the great and perhaps underlooked qualities of the religiously affiliated law schools is a profound sense of shared mission that unifies faculty and students alike.  That common cause can, in the best instances, be deeply tied to a questing intellect and a sense of underlying values, and can thus provide the kind of mystical marriage between practical skills, ethical values, and intellectual rigor that we keep hoping for in the best of our law schools.  And none of it need be the kind of warmed-over bien-pensant liberalism that I see, somewhat over-simplistically, as the result of the usual attempts to mix values and intellect at the top secular law schools. . . .

Go over to Prawfs, and join the conversation!

Wednesday, July 23, 2008

Klan Shelter Hypo

I agree that under the facts Rob has proposed, the Klan shelter should probably be eligible for funding, since it is providing the services and is considering employees based not directly on their race, but rather on their ideological beliefs (in this case in racism), just as other ideological organizations seek employees of their ideology -- including religious organizations when they consider religion in hiring.  However, I think there is an argument for allowing the government to treat the religious-belief and racist-belief criteria differently; the right of religion-based hiring does not stand or fall with an asserted right of racism-based hiring.  Religious beliefs as a category have a positive constitutional protection that racist beliefs do not.  The government should be at least neutral toward religious beliefs and arguably must give them as much solicitude as it gives to any other ideology that it protects (a line of free exercise cases, several from Judge Alito when he was on the 3d Circuit, suggest this principle).  Racist beliefs don't have that kind of solicitude, although they of course enjoy basic free speech and expressive associational protections; i.e. they have a right to be free from impositions, but not a right to neutral treatment in funding.  So, since the government allows various funded organizations to consider ideology in their hiring, there is a strong argument that it must do the same for religious organizations' religion-based hiring, but a much less strong argument that it must do so for racism-based hiring.  The distinction between religious exercise as a positive constitutional value and racial bias as a tolerated position, but without such value, is emphasized in Norwood v. Harrison, 413 U.S. 455, 468-70 (1973) (striking down textbook loans to families at racially discriminatory schools five years after upholding textbook loans to families at schools that considered religion in hiring etc.).  It's true that the "segregation academies" in that case discriminated based actually on race, not just on racist ideology; but the broader distinction between religion and racism also seems part of the argument.

An important religious-liberty decision

Today, in an opinion written by law-and-religion scholar (and Notre Dame honorary-degree recipient) Michael McConnell, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled that Colorado violated the Constitution when it refused, on the ground that the school is "pervasively sectarian", to permit otherwise-qualified students to use publicly funded scholarships at Colorado Christian University.  Here is a link to the opinion.  Here's the key sentence: 

We find the exclusion unconstitutional for two reasons: the program expressly

discriminates among religions without constitutional justification, and its criteria

for doing so involve unconstitutionally intrusive scrutiny of religious belief and

practice.

More later . . . .

Platform for the Common Good

I've just emerged from the silence of my annual 8-day silent retreat and am catching up on Mirror of Justice posts and piles of e-mail.  One of my e-mails brought to my attention the "Platform for the Common Good that was recently approved at a convention of 800 Catholics in Philadelphia.  The platform seeks to bring to the attention of candidates and voters the importance of, and to highlight Catholic Social Teaching on, the promotion of the common good.  The platform is available here.

Tuesday, July 22, 2008

IMF Money and Tuberculosis Mortality

Here’s an interesting abstract from the UK journal PLoS Medicine, finding that participation in IMF loan programs increases mortality from tuberculosis due to decreased government spending on public health:

We performed multivariate regression of two decades of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality data against variables potentially influencing tuberculosis program outcomes in 21 post-communist countries for which comparative data are available. After correcting for confounding variables, as well as potential detection, selection, and ecological biases, we observed that participating in an IMF program was associated with increased tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates by 13.9%, 13.2%, and 16.6%, respectively. Each additional year of participation in an IMF program was associated with increased tuberculosis mortality rates by 4.1%, and each 1% increase in IMF lending was associated with increased tuberculosis mortality rates by 0.9%. On the other hand, we estimated a decrease in tuberculosis mortality rates of 30.7% (95% confidence interval, 18.3% to 49.5%) associated with exiting the IMF programs. IMF lending did not appear to be a response to worsened health outcomes; rather, it appeared to be a precipitant of such outcomes (Granger- and Sims-causality tests), even after controlling for potential political, socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related confounders. In contrast, non-IMF lending programs were connected with decreased tuberculosis mortality rates (−7.6%, 95% confidence interval, −1.0% to −14.1%). The associations observed between tuberculosis mortality and IMF programs were similar to those observed when evaluating the impact of IMF programs on tuberculosis incidence and prevalence. While IMF programs were connected with large reductions in generalized government expenditures, tuberculosis program coverage, and the number of physicians per capita, non-IMF lending programs were not significantly associated with these variables.

Monday, July 21, 2008

More on the Quinnipiac poll

Rob links (here) to a new poll, by Quinnipiac University, showing, among other things, that a majority of Americans believe abortion should be legal in "all" or "most" cases.  This might be a bit Panglossian, and I don't mean to underestimate the significance of the fact that 20 percent believe abortion should be legal in "all" cases, but . . . I would like to see the results of follow-up questions to the "legal in most cases" answerers.  I suspect -- I'm not sure, but I suspect -- that most of these people, like most Americans, mistakenly assume that (a) Roe is more restrictive than it really is and (b) that a high percentage of abortions are procured in cases involving rape, incest, serious health threats to the mother, serious "fetal abnormalities", etc.  That is, I wonder if follow-up questions to the "in most cases" people would reveal that, in fact, many of these people believe that abortion should be regulated to a (much?) greater extent than it now is?

Another question in the poll, by the way, is relevant to the discussion / debate we've been having about Sen. Obama's proposed changes -- which would limit the ability of participating institutions to hire-for-mission -- to Pres. Bush's faith-based initiative.  So, the poll reports this result: 

37. Do you think that these faith-based organizations that receive federal money should be able to discriminate in favor of hiring people of their own faith?

                        Tot     Rep     Dem     Ind     Men     Wom     Wht     Blk


Yes                     16%     27%      9%     15%     19%     13%     17%     14% No                      77      67      84      77      75      78      76      79 DK/NA                    7       7       7       8       6       9       7       7
Yikes.  But, isn't it reasonable to think that this number is at least related to the power of the word "discriminate"?  No one tells pollsters they are for "discrimination," I assume.  But, what if the question were, "do you think that religious organizations that provide social-welfare services should have the right, even if they receive some public funds, to retain their religious identity and independendence"?  I think / suspect / hope that most people would say "yes."  And, *this* is what is at stake in the "discrimination" debate.

Sunday, July 20, 2008

Funding for the Klan?

Assume that the Ku Klux Klan opens a homeless shelter.  The shelter is open to all races.  Hiring is also open to all races, but prospective employees must affirm their belief in the racial superiority of whites. After two years of operation, there have been no complaints from shelter residents, who are not aware that the shelter is operated by the Klan.  (The Klan operates the shelter under another name to avoid controversy.)  Outside experts confirm that the shelter is serving the public well. 

For those who believe (as I do) that a religious organization should be able to hire employees who share the beliefs underlying the organization's mission without jeopardizing the organization's public funding, here's the question: should the Klan, with its racist-only hiring requirements, be eligible for public funding?

UPDATE: I believe that the Klan should be eligible under these circumstances, as does Jonathan Watson, though he adds some limitations based on what the funding allows the organization to do.

New public opinion data on abortion

Quinnipiac University released a new nationwide poll on a variety of political/Supreme Court issues, including gun control, same-sex marriage, and the death penalty.  I was surprised by the decidedly pro-choice tilt of the results:

By a 63 - 33 percent margin, American voters support the 1973 Roe v Wade decision. But Americans remain divided on the issue of abortion:

    • 19 percent say abortion should be legal in all cases;
    • 38 percent say it should be legal in most cases;
    • 24 percent say it should be illegal in most cases;
    • 14 percent say it should be illegal in all cases.

UPDATE: Carter Snead provides data from another recent survey, reflecting how much the wording of a question matters.  (Check out question #19.)

Senator Clinton, contraception, abortion, and radical agendas

The response of Senator Clinton and others to the prospect of defining abortion to include the Pill and IUD is interesting.  She alleges that this definition is driven by a “radical, ideological agenda,” but she never advances an argument (at least not in the article posted by Michael P.) that these “radicals” are wrong.  Instead, she seems to argue that we can’t possibly consider the Pill and IUD as abortifacients no matter what the facts because to do so would impose a cost on women. 

Friday, July 18, 2008

Birth Control ... and Abortion: Which is Which?

New York Times, July 18, 2008

Clinton Vows to Fight "Insulting" Abortion Plan, By REUTERS

NEW YORK (Reuters) - A Bush administration plan to define several widely used contraception methods as abortion is a "gratuitous, unnecessary insult" to women and faces tough opposition, Sen. Hillary Clinton said on Friday.

The former Democratic presidential candidate joined family planning groups to condemn the proposal that defines abortion to include contraception such as birth control pills and intrauterine devices.

It would cut off federal funds to hospitals and states where medical providers are obligated to offer legal abortion and contraception to women.

"We will not put up with this radical, ideological agenda to turn the clock back on women's rights," the New York senator told a joint news conference with New York Rep. Nita Lowey, also a Democrat, at Bellevue Hospital.

"Women would watch their contraceptive coverage disappear overnight," said Clinton.

The planned rule is aimed at countering recent state laws enacted to ensure that women can get contraception when they want or need it. It also would help protect the rights of medical providers to refuse to offer contraception.

Clinton said she has written a letter with Patty Murray, a Democrat senator from Washington, to Health and Human Services Secretary Mike Leavitt asking him to reconsider and reject the release of the proposed rules.

She also urged people to sign a petition on her website, www.hillaryclinton.com, against the proposed changes.

"Our first effort is to get the Bush administration to rescind the regulation, not issue in its current form," Clinton said. "If that doesn't succeed, we're going to be looking for legislative steps that we can take to prevent this regulation from ever going into effect."

A copy of a memo that appears to be an Department of Health and Human Services draft provided to Reuters this week carries a broad definition of abortion as any procedures, including prescription drugs, "that result in the termination of the life of a human being in utero between conception and natural birth, whether before or after implantation."

Conception occurs when egg and sperm unite in the Fallopian tubes. It takes three to four days before the fertilized egg implants in the uterus. Several birth control methods interfere with this, including the birth control pill and IUDs.

"If enacted, these rules will make birth control out of reach for some women. That's a sure way to guarantee more unintended pregnancies and more abortions," said Anne Davis of Physicians for Reproductive Choice and Health.